Download the compensatory afforestation fund act 2016 book pdf free. Guidebook for the formulation of afforestation and. Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid. Forestry notes pdf download classification of forest on the basis of composition. Pure forests are composed almost entirely ofo ne species, usually to the extent of not less than 50 pe cent. Classification of forest on the basis of composition.
Ecosystem level effects of afforestation and reforestation 4. Afforestation and reforestation for climate change. Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands forestation that have been depleted, usually through deforestation. Lessons from south korea, china, and india michael wolosin funding for this report has been provided by the climate and land use alliance. Furthermore, the issue of afforestation and reforestation projects in the frame of the. Asia lossed some six lakh hectares annually during 1990s but gained more than 2.
Environment notes, indian history notes world heritage is the designation for places on earth that are of outstanding universal value to humanity. The increase of the population of our country has led to the shrinking of forest area. It refers to the destroyingcutting of trees for the benefit of oneself or others. General outline and legal basis a ireland recognises that economic, social, environmental and recreational benefits can accrue from a vibrant forestry estate.
Afforestation and reforestation for climate change mitigation. Guidebook for the formulation of afforestation and reforestation projects under the clean development mechanism itto technical series 25 by timothy pearson, sarah walker and sandra brown the international tropical timber organization itto is an intergovernmental organization promoting the conservation and sustainable management. It is a serious environmental concern since it can result in the loss of biodiversity, damage to natural habitats, disturbances in the water cycle, and soil erosion. Deforestation definition, causes, effects, and control. Summary plantation forests now comprise around 5 million ha globally, with annual plantation afforestation and reforestation rates nearing 10% of total area.
Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid of any trees to create. Meaning, importance and current efforts matter of trust. Afforestation and plantation forestry plantation forestry for the 21st century. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant. For example, largescale afforestation programs were prominent in united kingdom forestry during the twentieth century to reduce reliance on imported wood. Trees are extremely important not only for us but for the whole environment. Apr 02, 2014 afforestation means massive program of social forestry to meet demands to local people for fuel, fodder, timber etc. Lecture notes for the faodanida training course on forest nursery and establishment techniques for african savannas. The decrease of agricultural viability and the objective to increase. Release of sulfur dioxide and hazardous gases into the air causes global warming and acid rain. Quantitative overview and analysis of afforestation in europe. Afforestation and reforestation in the clean development mechanism 327 controlled degraded land is available for reforestation 25. Identifying the needproblem the east africa business summit 2003 identified massive deforestation as one of the most critical environmental crises facing all east african countries1 the east african, sept 29th oct 5th, 2003.
Afforestation and deforestation andhra pradesh pcs exam notes. Download the compensatory afforestation fund act 2016 book pdf. In india, 11 million ha of degraded forest land with a crown cover of forest department. Yes, it is similar to reforestation, but afforestation is the specificity of planting native seeds into a forest that has seen a declining trees count. The forest area in europe continued to expand although at a slower rate of seven lakh hectar e per year during the last decade than in the 1990s with nine lakh hectares per year. The relationships of afforestation and the water cycle is the subject of this chapter. Over the last 50 years, afforestation of abandoned or marginally productive agricultural land has been a common practice in many areas of the world, including the southern united. Afforestation and deforestation mppcs exam preparation.
Afforestation means establishing the stand of trees or a forest in a particular open area where no one had established a tree in past reforestation means reestablishment of the area under forest, it can be done by natural means like seeding, root suckers or coppice or by. Pdf afforestation strategies with respect to forest. Summary this chapter explains the organization and structure of the manual. Apr 03, 2019 the compensatory afforestation fund act 2016. The forests which purify air have been cut down and new cities and industries have been established in. Pdf this article presents an assessment of the implications of past and current forest conservation and regeneration policies and.
Causes, effects and control strategies sumit chakravarty 1, s. Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees forestation in an area where there was no previous tree cover. Reforestation can be used to rectify the effects of deforestation or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests. Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees forestation in an area where there was no previous tree cover many government and nongovernmental organizations directly engage in programs of afforestation to create forests, increase carbon capture sometimes special tools, such as a tree planting bar, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster. Japan has a cool temperate climate to the north and tropical climate to the south. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Download cbse notes class 10 geography chapter 2 forest and wildlife resources pdf flora and fauna in india. Free how to download pdf books full guide course outline. Afforestation and its importance linkedin slideshare. Hills and mountains cover 70% and 23 of the country is forested. Afforestation can help us cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, and, thus, diminishing the effects of climate change.
Concept note by tree biotechnology kenya for funding project. In large areas of developing countries the loss of trees is causing erosion and degradation of the soil, posing severe problems for economic development. Afforestation and deforestation, related to trees, are the exact opposites or the antonyms of each other. Afforestation definition and meaning collins english dictionary. Forests consume more water than other land use types but. Afforestation and deforestation gujrat pcs exam notes. If an afforestation or reforestation project is perceived as being an impediment to local livelihoods, it may create an incentive for illegal harvesting or clearing, also threatening the permanence of carbon sequestration. Making the difference in reafforestation initiatives in kenya 1.
It is a great way of making those lands greener which has been without forests for quite a time or none at all. Afforestation and reforestation in the clean development. Pdf forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation in india. Afforestation is the process that makes sure that the plants and trees which hold the soil in these oversensitive areas are protected. It is important because it helps check the overuse of natural resources by. Notes of ch 2 forest and wildlife resources class 10th geography.
Afforestation definition and meaning collins english. The afforestation project in aravalli hills referred to below as the project was a community forestry project which aimed to restore the forest of the aravalli hills in the state of rajasthan, in indias northwest, and thereby improve socioeconomic conditions for the areas residents. Political goals of afforestation and reforestation 7. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded.
Afforestation is the planting of trees or even seed sowing in unfavourable land to create forests. Social and farm forestry icar ecourse pdf books free download. India is one of the worlds richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity. Afforestation is the reverse of deforestation and includes. Here we have given all the reference books and book authors and topics and contents about the book the compensatory afforestation fund act 2016. Pyramids of egypt, the great barrier reef in australia, galapagos islands in ecuador, the taj mahal in india, the grand canyon in the usa, or the acropolis in greece are examples of the. Notes of ch 2 forest and wildlife resources class 10th. Our earth has been constantly trying to cope with the way in which human beings use natural resources, clear forest lands, cut trees, and contaminate the air, land, and water. The term should not be confused with reforestation, which is the process of specifically planting native trees into a forest that has decreasing numbers of trees. Pdf the relationships of afforestation and the water cycle is the subject of this chapter. A general manual on afforestation for forest practitioners, including. Deforestation can lead to the depletion of trees in riverside zones and water catchments. It is important because it helps check the overuse of natural resources by providing an alternative source pool.
As a commercial purpose, it improves the production of several species of trees which can be used in the wood industry. Also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful. Introduction afforestation is a process of planting trees or sowing seeds in a barren land to create a forest. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained.
Removal of the green cover from the surface of the earth has become common due to various reasons such as forest fires, agricultural needs, human needs, logging, and mining. Conversion of forest land into farms, ranches or urban use. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. As the name suggests, the destruction of forests by cutting the trees is known as deforestation. Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid of any trees to create a forest. While reforestation is increasing the number of trees of an existing forest, afforestation is the creation of a new forest. Afforestation is the process of planting large numbers of trees on land which has few or. Marsfm working paper 5 2007 forestry department food and agriculture organization of the united nations manual on deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation using remote sensing and gis prepared by giri tejaswi rome, march 2007 strengthening monitoring, assessment and reporting on sustainable forest management in asia gcpint988jpn. Several countries use afforestation together with agricultural crops in croplands.
Afforestation restores ecological balance of all ecosystems, maintain biological diversity, and act as catchments for all soil and water, conservation, prevent floods and future of tribal people. Afforestation is the effort to plant trees in barren lands so as to create a forest. Forests consume more water than other land use types but also improve peak flow control in wetter environments. In the early periods of civilizations, large parts of our country were covered with forests. The ecological benefits of forests and afforestation at the sensitive lower edge. Pdf afforestation strategies with respect to forestwater. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Deforestation is the removal of forests or stand of trees where the land is then converted into non forest use. This is needed as huge forests are being destroyed or damaged due to various reasons on a daily basis. Restoration of plants and animals for the next generation. In summary we can see that the effective implementation of the afforestation programme in the. Afforestation and deforestation andhra pradesh pcs exam.
Afforestation definition, advantages, and disadvantages toppr. Afforestation means establishing the stand of trees or a forest in a particular open area where no one had established a tree in past reforestation means reestablishment of the area under forest, it can be done by natural means like seeding, root suckers or coppice or by artificial efforts by planting or direct seeding. Interestingly, afforestation in arid or semiarid landscapes can be traced to china as far back as about 300 bc wang et al. It also describes the regulatory documents of the clean development mechanism. Farmers and citizens groups like the beej bachao andolan in tehri and navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable. Japan deforestation and afforestation program can be classified as pre wwii, during the war and after the war.
Afforestation is an internationally accepted term for the practice of planting trees on land that has not recently been used to grow a crop of trees richards 2003. Afforestation and reforestation projects under the. The afforestation project in aravalli hills referred to below as the project was a community forestry project which aimed to restore the forest of the aravalli hills in the state of rajasthan, in indias northwest, and thereby improve socioeconomic conditions for. As was noted in chapter 2, afforestation in some areas of the world has ebbed and flowed according to political and socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, companies which develop this process offer numerous job opportunities. Climate, debrecen university, 8397 in hungarian, with english summary.
1648 839 902 1256 988 1017 772 401 343 1294 651 382 913 590 258 195 432 31 1435 660 362 181 461 1095 990 1402 218 1193 546 167 1561 1136 1538 1446 667 1254 496 291 1331 713 892 1354 37 358 187 75 291 220 1348